The images you'll see as you scroll down to the current text are all part of the story telling in my novel, Realms of Gold:Ritual to Romance.


Bianca Caldwell, pen name, Bianca Fiore, is a writer for an art magazine. In each of her monthly stories she describes an object used in ancient ritual.

Showing posts with label From Sybaris To Burgundy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label From Sybaris To Burgundy. Show all posts

Lancelot, first mentioned in the Four Romances of Chrétien de Troyes, a French poet of the 12th century.



The Four Romances and Percival, the Story of the Grail
        by Chretien de Troyes.

Part VII
My research on Chrétien de  Troyes led me to the following theory on the historical King Arthur, now widely accepted by Arthurian scholars.
In Late Antiquity, circa 460 A.D., Arthur Riothamus (kingliest or great king,  protector of  Britain against invading Saxons)  was engaged by the Romans to rid Gaul of the Visigoths.  Riothamus was  called King of the Britons by the sixth century historian, Jordanes.  Arthur Riothamus is now widely  accepted as the historical King Arthur so described by the twelfth century historian, Geoffrey of Monmouth in his History of the Kings of England.  Before long the legends and myths of  King Arthur  evolved and became deeply ingrained in the minds of the Britons and the Bretons of Gaul . 
It was the poet  Chrétien de  Troyes (ca. 1135-1193) who first wrote about King Arthur and Lancelot and Percival as  characters in his Four Romances and Perceval and The Story of the Grail.  Chrétien was also the first ever to write of Camelot, which he describes as on a high place, by a river, surrounded by a forest and plains. There could be no better description of Celtic Latisco.  A hilltop citadel by the Seine ,surrounded by forests, and, beyond, plains which extend for miles, fields where grains have been cultivated for centuries.
The Celts of Latisco became rich from farming, trade, and toll collecting. From archaeological evidence, they used weapons only for hunting and to defend themselves. Around 450 B.C. these Hallstatt Celts were overcome or absorbed by the hostile, war-like La Tène Celts sweeping down from the north. Before long, Latisco was abandoned: fire consumed the settlement. Like Sybaris, Latisco was no longer.
I believe that the Krater of Vix is the very source of Chrétien's Story of the Grail. The Krater of Vix is the grail, the pagan grail, the pre-Christian grail of Chrétien de Troyes. To repeat the words of the Celtic scholar, Jean Markdale, the word graal derives from the Latin cratalis which is derived from the word krater in Greek--a vessel used to mix wine and water in ritual. I believe that the memory of this massive vessel lingered on in the story telling, generation after generation until it finally surfaced in Chrétien's  The Story of the Grail.

In 1926, Jessie L Weston, the writer who inspired me the most, wrote about the pagan grail and Chrètien in her landmark book, From Ritual to Romance(1920). The following is from her chapter on the Grail and Chrétien de Troyes:

            That the man who first told the story, and boldly, as befitted a born teller of tales, wedded it to the Arthurian legend, was himself connected by descent with the ancient Faith himself actually held the Secret of the Grail, and told, in purposely romantic form, that of which he knew, I am firmly convinced.

Weston  refers to Chrétien de Troyes, the "born teller of tales," who set his Romances in the court of King Arthur, whose stories of fame, prowess, and bravery had been told and re-told in lays, sagas and poetry, and lingered on in the collective imagination of the Celtic Bretons and the Gauls of Burgundy.

I am convinced that Chrétien's Camelot, the yearning for a golden age of peace and prosperity, that shining city on the hill, is in France, on this very hilltop overlooking  the village of Vix, the Seine flowing by, surrounded by forests and plains of grain, just as it is today . Troyes was only  a long day's ride to Vix and not far from Avallon where the  wounded King Arthur Riothamus was taken by his stalwart soldiers. It is documented* that Arthur Riothamus was last known to have been seen in the vicinity of a town called Avallon in Gaul. In Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain, Avallon is spelled with two Ls. 

Chrétien was court poet to Marie of France, daughter of Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Why, I'd wondered, would he have placed Avalon in England when ancient Avallon was so close to his home in Troyes? Although the Vale of Avalon, outside of Glastonbury, England, has always had a mystical aura about it, there is no  place called Avalon in England, nor has there ever been, The discovery of the bones of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere by the monks of Glastonbury Abbey has been disputed and is now dismissed as fraudulent.

Again, Jessie Weston's words: I am firmly convinced, nor do I think that the time is far distant when the missing links will be in our hand, and we shall be able to weld once more the golden chain which connects Ancient Ritual with Medieval Romance.

I believe that the "missing links" that weld "the golden chain" are finally in our hands-- links cast in golden Sybaris, now, centuries later, welded to the great bronze Krater brought to light from the golden hillsides of Burgundy.


Mont Lassois,   Vix, Burgundy
Camelot, a place by a river, surrounded by forests and plains


From Sybaris to Burgundy - Part Five


French and Italian translations follow the English text.
Translation. French, Dr. Thierry Boucquey: Italian, Dottoressa Paola Biscosi



Part V

My research on Chrétien eventually led me to the historical Arthur Riothamus (460 B.C). Arthur,  king of the Britons, was called into service by the Romans to rid Gaul of the Visigoths. Although an historical Arthur was described in The History of Britain by Geoffrey of Monmouth a few generations before Chrétien de Troyes, it was Chrétien who first wrote about Arthur as a character in his Four Romances.  Chrétien was also the first to write of Lancelot and Perceval and Camelot.  In his  last, unfinished romance, Le Conte du Graal, he told the story of  Blanchefleur and Perceval-- and the Grail. 

In 2010, I read (in Le Figaro) about an extraordinary, fairly recent (2007) discovery on the mesa of Mont Lassois where archaeologist Bruno Chaume and his Franco-German team located and identified the remains of Latisco, a Celtic encampment.  I was jubilant, knowing at once that this amazing discovery would be the clincher, the finale of my novel.  Since I was already convinced that the Krater existed  in the memories and myths of country folk, bards, and poets like Chrétien,  I was astonished to learn that what had been found was the remains of a vast palace in the shape of a Greek megaron with an apse and a stoa, or porch, across its portal which faced east over the plains. The "palais de la dame de Vix" was about the same size as the temple of Athena in Paestum, once Poseidonia,  a Sybarite city.  In this great "Palace," excavators found evidence of feasting, hundreds of thousands of  shards, bones, grains, legumes, seeds of all kinds.  Archaeologists believe the  Krater stood in the center of the great hall of the "Palace."  Besides this extraordinary edifice, there were two large buildings surrounded by grids of well planned streets,  dwellings, cisterns for water and bins for grain.  This site is unprecedented in the Celtic world. There is nothing like it anywhere. That the hilltop settlement was sophisticated, elitist, and aristocratic (so described in Chaume's monograph) was due to the exchange of ideas and the cultural influence of the Greeks and Etruscans.  Archaeologists conclude that Latisco  might very well have been the first town in France.   Bruno Chaume, along with Claude Mordant, have recently published an extensive, scientific study in  two volumes, Le Complexe Aristocratique de Vix, Edition  Universitaires.  Dijon,2011.  Every aspect of this site has been examined and without a doubt,  this extraordinary site reveals an elitist Celtic encampment circa 500 B.C. 


De Sybaris en Italie jusqu'en Bourgogne - Part V

Mes recherches sur Chrétien m’ont finalement menée à le Roi Arthur historique.  Arthur Riothamus (460 av. JC), roi des Bretons, a été recruté par les Romains pour débarrasser la Gaule des Wisigoths. Bien que Geoffrey de Monmouth ait décrit un Arthur historique dans son  Historia Regum Brittaniae quelques générations avant Chrétien de Troyes, c’est ce dernier qui a écrit en premier sur Arthur comme personnage dans ses quatre romans. Chrétien a également été le premier à écrire au sujet de Lancelot, de Guenièvre.   Dans son dernier roman, Le Conte du Graal, qu’il n’a pas achevé, il a raconté l'histoire de Blanchefleur et de Perceval ainsi que du Graal.

En 2010 j’ai lu (dans Le Figaro) le récit d'une extraordinaire découverte assez récente (2007) sur le plateau du Mont Lassois où l'archéologue Bruno Chaume et son équipe franco-allemande avaient localisé et identifié les vestiges du castrum celtique de Latisco. Je jubilais, instantanément sûre que cette découverte stupéfiante deviendrait à la fois l’argument décisif et la fin de mon roman. Vu que j'étais déjà convaincue que le Cratère existait dans la mémoire et les mythes des campagnards, des bardes et des poètes comme Chrétien, j’ai été étonnée d'apprendre que ce qui avait été découvert étaient les restes d'un vaste palais en forme de mégaron grec avec une abside et un stoa ou portique devant son portail qui faisait face à l'est surplombant la plaine. Le «palais de la dame de Vix» était environ de la même taille que le temple d'Athéna à Paestum, le Poseidonia de jadis, une ville sybarite. Dans ce grand «palais» les archéologues ont trouvé des traces de festins: des centaines de milliers de tessons, d’os, de céréales, de légumes et de graines de toutes sortes. Les archéologues pensent que le Cratère se trouvait au centre de la grande salle du «Palais». Outre cet édifice extraordinaire, il y avait deux grands bâtiments entourés de damiers de rues bien planifiées, d’habitations, de citernes à eau et de récipients à céréales. Ce site est sans précédent dans le domaine celtique, il n'y a rien de tel dans le monde. En raison des échanges d’idées et de l'influence culturelle des Grecs et des Étrusques, le village au sommet de la colline était complexe, élitiste et aristocratique (comme le décrit Chaume dans sa monographie). Les archéologues en concluent que Latisco aurait très bien pu être la première cité en France.  Bruno Chaume a récemment (en 2011) publié, avec Claude Mordant, une vaste étude scientifique en deux volumes, Le complexe aristocratique de Vix, aux Editions Universitaires de Dijon. Chaque aspect de ce site a été examiné et il ne fait aucun doute que ce site extraordinaire révèle un campement celtique élitiste de ca 500 avant JC.


From Sybaris to Burgundy - Part Four

French and Italian translations follow the English text.
Translation. French, Dr. Thierry Boucquey: Italian, Dottoressa Paola Biscosi


Part IV

I had become obsessed with the mystery of Le Cratère de Vix. I put my first novel aside to outline a synopsis and a few pages of The Krater (working title) proposing my ideas about the object--what I thought it was and what it meant to the early Hallstatt Celts of north east Burgundy. Alan Williams, then my editor, liked my premise, but suggested that I write about an imaginary krater, in an imaginary place, the better to free my creative faculties to arrive at what I considered the truths of my hypotheses.

Not satisfied with this approach and not wanting to write about a fictitious object, I stashed away my research on archaic Greece and the early Celts and finished The Blood Remembers, my first novel, also set in southern Italy. Still, my preoccupation with the Krater remained. Since that first visit in 1994 I've been back to Châtillon-sur Seine five times.

Two years ago I decided to return to work on the story of the real Krater, obviously an object of profound communal ritual. From the very beginning, I'd made an intuitive leap from the Krater to the 12th century poet, Chrétien de Troyes, the first to write about the Grail in his last, unfinished romance, Perceval, Le Conte du Graal, the Story of the Grail. Troyes, on the Seine, is a long day's ride to Vix, a village on the Seine at the point where the river becomes navigable. There, tolls were collected by the chieftains (or rix) who commanded the fortified hilltop overlooking Vix and the river.

And Avallon, also mentioned by Chrétien in his Four Romances, was within easy distance as well. With these fragments of historical reality, I began to construct my novel.

From Jean Markdale, the Celtic scholar, I learned that grail is a word derived from the Greek word krater, cratal is in Latin, cratal in Provencal, to arrive at the medieval word, graal­ -- in English, grail. "There is nothing at all mysterious about the word, grail," Markdale explains.

This great Krater, a vessel for mixing wine in ritual, was a symbol of immortality, the cauldron of abundance for the ancient Celts. How many bards must have sung about it, told stories about it until one day it would become the stuff of myth and legend. I believe that the memory of this massive bronze object brought from the south of Italy to a Celtic trading post in Burgundy lingered on in the collective imagination of their descendants. Because the Celts had no written language, they had strong motives for keeping alive an active, ancestral memory. As time passed, the tribal histories, sagas, lays and legends were transmitted through their oral tradition from father to son, from mother to daughter. The Celtic druids, those watchers of the skies, retained their extraordinary knowledge of astronomy and the natural world, guarding their wisdom over the centuries.



De Sybaris en Italie jusqu'en Bourgogne - Part IV

Obsédée par le mystère du cratère de Vix j’ai mis mon premier roman de côté afin d’esquisser un résumé et quelques pages du Cratère (titre provisoire) proposant mes idées sur l'objet, ce que j’en pensais et ce qu'il signifiait pour les anciens Celtes Hallstatt du nord-est de la Bourgogne. Alan Williams a aimé mon ébauche mais a suggéré que je traite d'un cratère imaginaire dans un lieu imaginaire afin de me libérer d' avantage pour arriver à ce que je considérais comme la véracité de mes hypothèses.

Non satisfaite decette démarche et ne voulant pasécrire au sujet d’un objet fictif, j’ai mis de côté mes recherches sur la Grèce archaïque et les premiers Celtes et j’ai terminé mon premier roman The Blood Remembers qui se déroule également dans le sud de l'Italie. Toutefois le Cratèrea continué à me hanter et depuis 1994 je suis revenue à Châtillon-sur-Seine à cinq reprises.

Il y a deux ans j’ai décidé de reprendre mon travail sur l'histoire du véritable cratère, de toute évidence un objet de rituel collectif profond. Dès le début j’ai fait un saut intuitif du Cratère au poète du 12ème siècle Chrétien de Troyes qui a été le premier à écrire au sujet du Graal dans son dernier roman, in achevé, Perceval, ou Le Conte du Graal, l'histoire du Graal. Situé sur la Seine, Troyes se trouve à une longue journée à cheval de Vix, un villagesitué à l'endroit où cette rivière devient navigable. Les chefs de tribu (ou rix) qui dominaient la colline fortifiée sur plombant Vix et la rivière y pré levaient des péages.
De plus Avallon, également mentionné par Chrétien dans ses quatre romans, se trouvait à une distance raisonnable. Me basant sur ces fragmentsde réalité historique, j’ai commencé à donner forme à mon roman.

J’ai appris de Jean Markdale, un érudit en matière celte, que Graal est un mot dérivé du vocable grec krater qui a donné cratalisen latin et cratal en provençal pour arriver au mot médiéval graal - grail en anglais. « Il n'y a rien de mystérieux du tout concernant le mot Graal» explique-t-il.
Ce remarquable cratère, qui était un vase pour mélanger du vin au cours de rites, était un symbole de l'immortalité, le chaudron de l’abondance pour les anciens Celtes.Bon nombre de bardes ont dû chanter à son sujet et en conter des histoires jusqu'à ce qu’il estdevenu, un jour, le sujet de mythe et de légende. Je suis persuadée que le souvenir de cet objet massif en bronze transporté du sud de l'Italie à un petit centre marchand celte en Bourgogne a persisté dans leur mémoire collective. Vu que les Celtes n'avaient pas de langue écrite, ils avaient de fortes motivations pour empêcher qu’une mémoire ancestrale active ne tombe dans l’oubli. Au fil des siècles, leurs histoires tribales, sagas, ais et légendes ont été transmis parla tradition orale de père en filset de mère en fille. Les druides celtiques, ces observateurs du firmament, ont conservé leurs extraordinaires connaissances de l'astronomie et du monde naturel, gardant leur sagesse à travers les siècles. 

Dall’italica Sibari alla Borgogna in Francia - Part IV

:Il mistero del Cratere di Vixdiventò per me un’ossessione. Misi da parte il mio primo romanzo e abbozzai uncompendio, mettendo giù qualche pagina di The Krater (titolo quantomeno provvisorio) proponendo le mie ideesull’oggetto in questione —ovvero ciò che io ritenevo fosse e quel che rappresentasse per i primi celti hallstattiani della Burgundia nordorientale. Alan Williams, editore, opprezzò la mia introduzione, ma mi consigliò di parlare di un cratereimmaginario e di collocarlo in un luogo altrettanto immaginario, affinché fossiscevra da ogni vincolo narrativo e potessi dimostrare la veridicità delle mieteorie.

Ritenendo l’invito poco convincente ed essendo io riluttante a parlare di un oggetto immaginario, abbandonai le miericerche sulla Grecia arcaica e i primi celti dedicandomi al completamento di The Blood Remembers, il mio primo romanzo, anch’esso ambientato in Italia meridionale. Ma
il Cratere continuava a tormentarmi. Dal 1994 ho fatto ritorno a Châtillon-sur Seine bencinque volte.

Dueanni fa ho deciso di riprendere le fila della storia parlando del vero Cratere,un oggetto che rinvia a un rito collettivo dal profondo significato. È stata probabilmente l’intuizione a guidarmi fin dall’inizio in questo volo pindarico che, di fatto, lega indissolubilmente il cratere a Chrétien de Troyes, poetadel XII sec., il primo che abbia mai scritto sul Graal nel suo ultimo e incompiuto romanzo Perceval, Il Racconto del Graal. Chrétien, sullerive della Senna, è ad una distanza ragguardevole da Vix, villaggio situatoanch’esso sulla Senna, nel punto in cui il fiume diviene navigabile. Dagli insediamenti fortificati situati nella zona più elevata affacciata su Vix e sulfiume, i capo-tribù (o rix) imponevano i loro dazi.

La terra di Avalon invece, anch’essamenzionata da Chrétien nei suoi Four Romances, era a breve distanza. Conquesti frammenti di realtà storica, iniziai a comporre il mio romanzo.

Da Jean Markdale, insigne studioso di storia celtica, appresi che graal è una parola che proviene dal Greco krater, cratalis in latino, cratal in provenzale, fino alla parola medievale graal­--ininglese grail. "Non c’ènulla di misterioso nella parola graal", sentenziò Markdale.

Questo grande Cratere, un vaso per mescolarvi il vino durante i rituali, era un simbolodi immortalità, il calderone dell’abbondanza degli antichi celti. Quanti bardi,e poeti, e canta storie devono averlo celebrato fino a farlo divenire il simbolo stesso del mito e della leggenda. Ritengo che la memoria di questo enorme oggetto in bronzo che dall’Italia meridionale raggiunse uno degli insediamenticommerciali più fiorenti della Burgundia, sia rimasto intatto nella loro memoria collettiva. Dal momento che i celti non avevano un codice scritto, le motivazioni per mantenere viva una memoria attiva, ancestrale, poggiavano su fondamenta più che solide. Col passare dei secoli, le loro storie tribali,saghe, lai e leggende si alimentarono della tradizione orale per essere tramandati da padre in figlio.

Anche i druidi difendevano strenuamente le conoscenze accumulate nell’arco di secoli; questi attentiosservatori della volta celeste resistono fino al XII sec., strenui difensori del loro straordinario bagaglio in materia di astronomia e storia naturale.

From Sybaris to Burgundy - Part Three

French and Italian translations follow the English text.
Translation. French, Dr. Thierry Boucquey: Italian, Dottoressa Paola Biscosi

Part III

The Krater of Vix is a vessel standing 5' 4" tall, weighing over 450 pounds, with a capacity of 1100 liters of wine. Kraters for mixing wine and water were common in the Greek world, but they were usually made of clay.

What makes this magnificent bronze vessel even more intriguing was its discovery in the tomb of a woman, about thirty years old, laid to rest in her chariot, its wheels removed and propped against a wall. Among her treasures is a ceramic black-figure Attic kylix of Amazons battling Greek hoplites, dating the tomb precisely as late 6th century B.C.

Eerily beautiful, the handles of the Krater depict tongue-gaping, sharp-toothed, snake-tailed gorgons, those horrid sisters whose bulging-eyed gaze could turn men into stone, a familiar subject in archaic period Greek art and a motif often found as the handles of vases. A frieze of helmeted hoplites and horses wraps around the rim of the vessel. Found lying nearby were the Krater's strainer and its cover, centered with a statuette of a Kore, the Maiden, wearing a Greek peplos, a mantle draped over her head. How, I wondered, could I link these two discoveries together to tell a story, that of legendary Sybaris together with an object contemporary to Sybaris, the Krater of Vix in Burgundy, the largest bronze vessel to come down to us from Antiquity. I asked my good friend, Dr Andrew Stewart, renowned expert in Ancient Greek Art and Sculpture at Berkeley, if he thought I could describe the Krater as having been cast in Sybaris. Surely Sybaris would make more vivid storytelling than Spartan Taranto. His reply, "Why not? It's close enough to Taranto so you shouldn't have a problem-- go ahead--set it in Sybaris." And so the back-story of my novel-to-be would take place before and after the fall of Sybaris in 510 B.C., around the time the Krater was cast. From Sybaris it would find its way across the Mediterranean, up the mighty Rhone to the Seine, finally to arrive at Vix, eventually to the tomb of a woman, obviously someone of great importance.

Six months later, I received an e-mail from Dr. Stewart. "You're going to love this! The world's greatest ancient bronze expert, Claude Rolley, has decided that the Krater of Vix was made in Sybaris." Of course I was astounded that I had intuited the Krater's place of origin. I began to plan my story even though I was, at that time, working on a first novel.

De Sybaris en Italie jusqu'en Bourgogne - Part III

En 1994 je suis tombé sur un objet dont que je ne tarderais pas à apprendre qu’il était un des secrets les mieux gardés de France. C’était lors d’un voyage en Bourgogne, je feuilletais le Guide vert… Alors que mon mari était au volant, la photo d’un objet en bronze, un cratère monumental de la période grecque archaïque, m’a sauté aux yeux. Le grand vase avait été découvert en 1953 dans une tombe sur le rivage de la Seine, au pied du Mont Lassois, le Latisco de jadis, un avant-poste des Celtes de Hallstatt du 6ème siècle av. JC. Depuis Latisco, la citadelle surplombant la Seine, ces Celtes contrôlaient l'un des itinéraires commerciaux les plus importants de la Manche à la Méditerranée. Ces anciens Celtes échangeaient de l’ambre de la Baltique, des fourrures et du sel contre le corail et le vin des Grecs de Megale Hellas, la Magna Grecia. Et de Cornouailles en Angleterre venait l’étain dont les Grecs et les Étrusques usaient comme alliage pour fusionner le bronze.

Comment et pourquoi, me suis-je demandée, ce cratère immense a-t-il fait son chemin depuis le sud de l'Italie jusque dans une colonie celte près de Châtillon-sur-Seine, une petite ville dans l'est de la Bourgogne? Quand j’ai appris que le Cratère avait été moulé vers 510 av. JC à Tarente, une polis spartiate en Italie, cela a enflammé mon imagination tout comme l'histoire de la destruction, la disparition et la redécouverte de Sybaris presque vingt ans auparavant.

Nous avons bien sûr fait le détour et nous nous sommes aussitôt rendus à Châtillon. Lorsque nous avons contemplé ce merveilleux objet - un véritable chef-d'œuvre – il nous a surpris par son immensité et sa position. En 1994 le Cratère se trouvait encore au centre d'une petite pièce et nous étions donc en mesure de nous en approcher. Et je l’avoue – j’ai passé mon bras par-dessus la colonne de soutènement afin de le toucher doucement- bien que je sois certaine que c’était interdit.

Le cratère de Vix est un vase d’ 1,62 m, de plus de 200 kilos et d’une capacité de 1100 litres de vin. Les cratères pour le mélange du vin et de l'eau étaient d’un usage courant dans le monde grec, mais ils étaient généralement faits d'argile.
Ce magnifique vase nous intrigue davantage par sa découverte dans le tombeau d'une femme d’une trentaine d'années, enterrée dans son char dont on a ôté les roues pour les placer contre un mur. Parmi ses trésors se trouve un kylix attique à figures noires en céramique représentant des Amazones luttant contre des hoplites grecs, ce qui situe formellement la tombe à la fin du 6ème siècle av. JC.

Les poignées du cratère, étonnamment belles, représentent des gorgones aux bouches béantes, aux langues tirées, aux queues de serpent et aux dents aiguës. Ces affreuses sœurs aux yeux exorbités transformant du regard les hommes en pierre constituaient un sujet classique dans l’art grec de l’ère archaïque et un motif fréquent pour les poignées de vases. Une frise d’hoplites casqués et de chevaux s'enroule autour du bord du vase. Au sol, à proximité, on a trouvé la passoire du cratère et son couvercle avec en son centre une statuette de Kore, une jeune fille portant un péplos grec et une mante drapée sur la tête.

Comment, me suis-je demandée, pourrais-je établir un lien entre ces deux découvertes afin de raconter une histoire, celle du Sybaris légendaire et d’un objet contemporain à lui, le Cratère de Vix en Bourgogne, le plus grand vase en bronze qui nous soit parvenu de l'Antiquité ?

J’ai demandé à mon bon ami, le docteur Andrew Stewart, expert renommé en art et sculpture grecs antiques à Berkeley, s'il estimait que je pouvais présenter le cratère comme ayant été coulé à Sybaris, car assurément Sybaris donnerait d’avantage de sel à une narration que la ville spartiate de Tarente. Sa réponse : «Pourquoi pas? C’est suffisamment proche de Tarente, ça ne devrait pas poser problème – allez-y, situez-le à Sybaris». Ainsi, l’arrière-plan de mon futur roman se situerait avant et après la chute de Sybaris en 510 av. JC, à l'époque où le cratère a été coulé. Depuis Sybaris ce dernier ferait son chemin, traversant la Méditerranée, remontant le puissant Rhône jusqu’à la Seine pour arriver définitivement à Vix et finalement au tombeau d'une femme qui, de toute évidence, était une personne d'une grande importance.

Six mois plus tard, j’ai reçu un mail du Dr Stewart. «Vous allez adorer ça! Le plus grand expert mondial en bronze, Claude Rolley, vient de conclure que le cratère de Vix a été produit à Sybaris.» Il est certain que j'étais étonnée d’avoir deviné intuitivement la provenance du Cratère. J’ai commencé à projeter mon histoire bien que travaillais à l’époque sur un premier roman avec mon éditeur Alan Williams qui m’est toujours d’un grand secours.

Dall’italica Sibari alla Borgogna in Francia - Part III

Il Cratere di Vix è un vaso di 1,64 m. d’altezza, con un peso di oltre 205 Kg. E una capacità pari a 1100 litri di vino. Crateri per mescolare vino e acqua erano comuni nel mondo greco, ma essi erano generalmente fatti d’argilla.

Ciò che rende questo magnifico vaso ancor più eccezionale è la circostanza della sua scoperta. Esso è stato infatti rinvenuto nella tomba di una donna sulla trentina, adagiata su un carro da parata le cui ruote, ormai divelte, erano state disposte lungo le pareti della camera funeraria. Tra i tanti monili, spicca una kylix attica in ceramica con motivi dipinti di nero, raffigurante scene di una battaglia tra Amazzoni e opliti greci, grazie alla quale è stato possibile fissare una datazione della tomba alla fine del VI sec. a.c.

Di una bellezza inquietante, le anse di questo cratere raffigurano gorgoni dalle lingue protuberanti, i denti affilati, le code di serpenti; queste orribili sorelle erano in grado di pietrificare on i loro occhi sporgenti chiunque ne incrociasse lo sguardo, un soggetto familiare nell’età arcaica dell’arte greca, un motivo che ricorre sovente nelle anse dei vasi. Un fregio di opliti muniti di elmo e cavalli orna i bordi del vaso. Nei pressi del Cratere un filtro e il coperchio sormontato da una statuetta, una kore recante una figura femminile con indosso un peplo e il capo avvolto da un velo.

Mi chiesi in che modo potessi collegare le due scoperte per imbastire una storia, quella della leggendaria Sibari, innestandola su un’altra che ruotasse attorno a un oggetto coevo qual’era il Cratere di Vix rinvenuto in Burgundia, il più grande vaso bronzeo che il mondo antico ci abbia mai restituito.

Chiesi lumi al mio buon amico, il Dr Andrew Stewart, noto esperto di Arte e Scultura greca antica a Berkeley, semmai avessi potuto descrivere il Cratere attribuendone la fattura a Sibari. Questa contingenza avrebbe certamente arricchito la narrazione più di quanto non avesse potuto fare la spartana Taranto. Le sue parole furono: "Perché no? La sua vicinanza a Taranto non dovrebbe generare anacronismi — procedi pure — ambientala a Sibari". Decisi così di agganciare il filone narrativo del mio futuro romanzo ad avvenimenti immediatamente precedenti e successivi alla caduta di Sibari, avvenuta nel 510 a.C., in epoca corrispondente al periodo in cui il Cratere fu effettivamente realizzato. Da Sibari avrebbe attraversato il Mediterraneo, passando dal potente Rodano alla Senna, per arrivare finalmente a Vix e concludere il suo viaggio nella tomba di una donna, certamente qualcuno di grande importanza.

Sei mesi dopo ricevetti una e-mail dal Dr. Stewart. "Ne rimarrai strabiliata! Uno dei massimi studiosi di manufatti in bronzo, Claude Rolley, ha stabilito che il Cratere di Vix proviene da Sibari". Fui ovviamente sorpresa per averne intuito le origini. Così iniziai ad immaginarne l’intreccio, benché stessi, all’epoca, lavorando sul mio primo romanzo.

From Sybaris to Burgundy - Part Two

French and Italian translations follow the English text.
Translation. French, Dr. Thierry Boucquey: Italian, Dottoressa Paola Biscosi
Part II

It was in 1994 that I came upon an object I would soon learn was one of the best kept secrets in France. While my husband was at the wheel driving us through Burgundy, I leafed through the Michelin Green Guide forla Côte d'Or, stopping short at the photo of a bronze object, a monumentalkrater from the Greek Archaic period. The great vessel was discovered in 1953 in a grave on the banks ofthe Seineat the foot of Mont Lassois, once Latisco, an outpost of the 6th centuryB.C Hallstatt Celts. From Latisco, their citadel over looking the Seine, these Celts controlled one of the most important trade routes of the ancient world. From Cornwall, in Britain, to Mediterranean ports, tin and copper to be smelted into bronze were transported to Etruscans and Greeks, salt exchanged for amphorae of wine and oil, furs and Baltic amber traded for prized Mediterranean coral.

How and why, I wondered, did this immense Krater make its way from the south of Italy to a Celtic settlement near Châtillon-sur-Seine, a small town in eastern Burgundy?  When I read that the Krater was cast in Italy, in Taranto, a Spartan polis, circa 510B.C., it fired my imagination just as the story of the destruction, demise, and rediscovery of Sybaris had almost twenty years before. Of course we made a detour and drove straight to Châtillon. When we beheld this wondrous object--a masterpiece--we were taken aback by its immensity, its stance. In1994 the Krater still stood in the center of a small room so we were able to get close. And yes--I did reach over the stanchion to gently touch it, although I'm sure this was forbidden.

To be continued,March 12, 2012

De Sybaris en Italie jusqu'en Bourgogne - Part II

En 1994 je suistombé sur un objet dont que je ne tarderais pas à apprendre qu’il était un des secrets les mieux gardés de France. C’était lors d’un voyage en Bourgogne, jefeuilletais le Guide vert… Alors que mon mari était au volant, la photo d’unobjet en bronze, un cratère monumental de la période grecque archaïque, m’asauté aux yeux. Le grand vase avait été découvert en 1953 dans une tombe sur le rivage de la Seine, au pied du Mont Lassois, le Latisco de jadis, un avant-poste des Celtes de Hallstatt du 6ème siècle av. JC. Depuis Latisco, la citadelle surplombant la Seine, ces Celtes contrôlaient l'un des itinéraires commerciaux les plus importantsde la Manche à la Méditerranée. Ces anciens Celtes échangeaient de l’ambre de la Baltique, des fourrures et du selcontre le corail et le vin des Grecs de MegaleHellas, la Magna Grecia. Etde Cornouailles en Angleterrevenait l’étain dont les Grecs et lesÉtrusques usaient comme alliage pour fusionner le bronze.

Comment et pourquoi, me suis-je demandée, cecratère immense a-t-ilfait son chemin depuis le sud del'Italie jusque dans une coloniecelte près de Châtillon-sur-Seine, une petite ville dans l'est de la Bourgogne? Quand j’ai appris que le Cratère avait été moulé vers 510 av. JC à Tarente, une polis spartiate en Italie, cela a enflammé monimagination tout comme l'histoirede la destruction, la disparitionet la redécouverte de Sybarispresque vingt ans auparavant.  

Nous avons bien sûrfait le détour et nous nous sommesaussitôt rendus à Châtillon. Lorsquenous avons contemplé ce merveilleuxobjet - un véritable chef-d'œuvre il nous a surpris par son immensité et sa position. En 1994 le Cratère se trouvait encore au centre d'une petite pièce et nous étionsdonc en mesure de nous en approcher. Et je l’avoue j’aipassé mon bras par-dessus la colonne de soutènement afinde le toucher doucement- bien que je sois certaine que c’était interdit.

à suivre 12 Mars,2012

Dall’italica Sibari alla Borgogna in Francia - Part II

Fu nel 1994 che mi imbattei in ciò che avrei appreso piùtardi essere uno dei segreti meglio conservati su suolo francese. Mio maritoera al volante, mentre io sfogliavo la Guida Verde Michelin relativa alla Costad’Oro. Lo scenario era quello dei paesaggi della Burgundia. Ricordo di essermisoffermata brevemente sulla foto di un oggetto in bronzo, un monumentalecratere risalente all’età greco-arcaica. L’immenso vaso fu scoperto nel 1953 inuna tomba rinvenuta in prossimità delle sponde della Senna, ai piedi del monteLassois. Si trattava dell’antica Latisco, avamposto della cultura celtica diHallstatt risalente al VI sec. a.C. DaLatisco, cittadella affacciata sulla Senna, i Celti controllavano una delle piùimportanti rotte commerciali esistenti tra il Canale della Manica e il Mediterraneo. I primi Celti barattavano sale,pellicce e ambra del Baltico con corallo e vino proveniente dai greci dellaMegale Hellas, la Magna Grecia, mentre la Cornovaglia forniva a greci edetruschi stagno da trasformare in bronzo.

Michiesi per quali vie e per quali ragioni questo immenso Cratere, originario delsud dell’Italia, fosse giunto fino a Châtillon-sur-Seine, un piccolo villaggiodella Burgundia orientale nei cui pressi vi era un insediamento celtico. Quandoappresi che il Cratere era stato forgiato in Italia, presumibilmente nel 510a.C., nella polis spartana di Taranto, la mia immaginazione si accese,producendo una straordinaria analogia con quanto era accaduto vent’anni prima,quando fui avvinta dalla storia della distruzione, della fine e dellariscoperta di Sibari.

Cosìcambiammo direzione di marcia e ci dirigemmo diritti a Châtillon. Quando fummodinanzi a questo meraviglioso oggetto — un vero capolavoro – restammosbalorditi per la sua imponenza, le sue linee. Nel 1994 il Cratere era ancora nel bel mezzo di unapiccola sala, il che ci permise di ammirarlo da vicino. E, devo ammetterlo, misporsi fino alla balaustra per toccarlo timidamente, in barba ai divieti che,immagino, ne vincolassero quella straordinarietà.

ontinua il 12 marzo 2012

From Sybaris to Burgundy - Part One

French and Italian translations follow the English text.
Translation. French, Dr. Thierry Boucquey: Italian, Dottoressa Paola Biscosi



The idea for a novel about the Krater of Vix actually took root in 1972 with the publication of The Search for Sybaris by Orville H. Bullitt. Because my heritage is southern Italian, the exciting rediscovery of fabled Sybaris in Calabria captured my imagination and put it to work.

In the late 1960s, Froelich Rainey of the University of Pennsylvania, in collaboration with an Italian team, determined the site of ancient Sybaris, legendary for its wealth and luxury. Using the newly developed magnetometer, the archaeologists were able to accurately locate the city buried under fifteen to eighteen meters of mud and sediment.

Sybaris, a polis larger than Athens, was defeated in 510 B.C. by its neighbor, Kroton. The mathematician-philosopher, Pythagoras, along with his son-in-law, Milo of Kroton, winner of six medals at Olympia, instigated the disciplined, austere and virtuous Krotoniates to go to war against Sybaris, despised for its decadence, excesses and truphe, the softness and self-indulgence of its citizens. After the destruction of Sybaris, the Krotoniates diverted the course of the river Crathis to flow over and inundate the ravaged city so it could never again be inhabited. Sybaris, the Golden, was no longer.

Excavations have been underway since the discovery of Sybaris in 1968. Dr.ssa Silvana Luppino, Director of the Museo Nazionale, Sibari, and Soprintendente of Archaeology of Calabria, leads the on-going excavations at Sybaris. Dr.ssa Luppino believes that when the level of Sybaris is finally reached--probably not during our lifetime-- more gold will be found than was unearthed in the ruins of Mycenae or Troy. The city was known for its love of gold. The Greek--Egyptian historian Athenaeus writes that gold cups and bowls were presented to guests as symposium favors after the sumptuous banquets for which its citizens were famous.

What, then, does Sybaris have to do with the immense bronze Krater of Vix?

To be continued on 5 March, 2012

De Sybaris en Italie jusqu'en Bourgogne

L'idée d’un roman sur le Cratère de Vix a effectivement été conçue en 1972 lorsqu’ Orville H. Bullitt a publié The Search for Sybaris. Vu que mes ancêtres sont originaires du sud de l'Italie, la passionnante redécouverte en Calabre du Sybaris légendaire, renommé pour sa richesse et son luxe, a capturé mon imagination et l’a mise à la tâche.

A la fin des années soixante, Froelich Rainey de l'Université de Pennsylvanie a déterminé l’emplacement du site de l’ancienne ville de Sybaris en collaboration avec une équipe italienne. A l’aide du magnétomètre récemment inventé, les archéologues ont pu localiser précisément la ville enterrée sous quinze à dix-huit mètres de boue et de sédiment.

Sybaris, une polis plus grande qu’Athènes, a été vaincue en 510 av. JC par sa voisine Kroton. Le mathématicien et philosophe Pythagore et son gendre Milon de Kroton, vainqueur de six médailles à Olympie, ont incité les austères et vertueux Krotoniens à entrer en guerre contre Sybaris méprisé pour sa décadence, ses excès et son « truphe », douceur et complaisance de ses citoyens.

Après la destruction de Sybaris, les Krotoniens ont détourné le cours du Crathis pour inonder la ville ravagée et la rendre à jamais inhabitable. Sybaris la Dorée n'était plus.

Des fouilles sont en cours depuis la découverte de Sybaris en 1968. Silvana Luppino, directrice du Museo Nazionale de Sibari, et Soprintendente d'archéologie de Calabre, dirige également les fouilles en cours à Sybaris. Pour la Professeure Luppino, lorsque l’on atteindra finalement le niveau de Sybaris- vraisemblablement pas de notre vivant- on y trouvera plus d’or que dans les ruines de Mycènes ou de Troie. La ville était réputée pour son appétence pour l'or. L'historien gréco-égyptien Athénée a écrit que l’on offrait des tasses et des bols en or aux invités comme cadeaux après les somptueux banquets pour lesquels ses citoyens étaient connus.

Quel est alors le rapport entre Sybaris et l’immense Cratère en bronze de Vix?

à suivre 5 Mars, 2012

Dall’italica Sibari alla Borgogna in Francia

L’idea di un romanzo sul Cratere di Vix risale al 1972, a seguito della pubblicazione di The Search for Sybaris, di Orville H. Bullitt. Probabilmente per via delle mie radici italiane, in aggiunta meridionali, l’esaltante riscoperta in Calabria della mitica Sibari, leggendaria per ricchezza ed eleganza, scatenò la mia immaginazione e innescò “l’invenzione.”

Alla fine degli anni ‘60, Froelich Rainey dell’Università di Pennsylvania, individuò, insieme ad una squadra di archeologi italiani, il sito dell’antica Sibari. Grazie al magnetometro, messo a punto da poco, gli archeologi furono in grado di collocare in maniera precisa la città sepolta da una coltre di fango e sedimenti, localizzandola ad una profondità più o meno compresa tra i quindici e i diciotto metri.

Sibari, una polis più grande di Atene, fu sconfitta nel 510 A.C. dalla sua vicina, Crotone. Il matematico nonché fiolosofo Pitagora, insieme al genero Milone di Crotone, vincitore di sei medaglie ai giochi olimpici, indusse gli austeri e virtuosi crotoniati a muovere guerra contro Sibari, disprezzata per la sua decadenza, i suoi eccessi, la lussuria e la mollezza nella quale indugiavano i suoi abitanti.

Dopo la distruzione di Sibari, i crotoniati deviarono il corso del fiume Crati in modo che sommergesse la città saccheggiata, inondandola totalmente affinché non potesse essere più abitata. Sibari la ricca fu rasa al suolo.

Dal 1968, anno in cui fu portata alla luce la città, non si è mai smesso di scavare. La Dr.ssa Silvana Luppino, Direttore del Museo Nazionale di Sibari, e Soprintendente per i beni archeologici della Calabria, è anche la referente degli scavi attualmente in corso a Sibari. La Dr.ssa Luppino ritiene che quando sarà finalmente raggiunto il livello della città — il che non ci vedrà sicuramente protagonisti di tale evento — l’abbondanza d’oro sarà tale da superare in quantità quella rinvenuta dalla scoperta delle rovine di Micene o Troia. La città era rinomata per la sua opulenza. Da testimonianze scritte forniteci dallo storico greco-egiziano Athenaeus, sappiamo di tazze e ciotole d’oro offerte agli ospiti per propiziare simposi organizzati dopo sontuosi banchetti, una consuetudine che procurò ai suoi abitanti grande fama.

Cosa, dunque, lega Sibari all’immenso Cratere bronzeo di Vix?

ontinua il 5 marzo 2012