The images you'll see as you scroll down to the current text are all part of the story telling in my novel, Realms of Gold:Ritual to Romance.


Bianca Caldwell, pen name, Bianca Fiore, is a writer for an art magazine. In each of her monthly stories she describes an object used in ancient ritual.

Vix Krater Statuette


Displayed separately from the Krater is its perforated lid, with a protrusion at its centre which supports a 19 cm statuette of molded bronze, depicting a woman with one outstretched arm, which once may have held some object. She wears a peplos , the body-length Ancient Greek garment worn by women, and her head is covered by a veil. The statuette appears of a somewhat older style than figures on the rest of the vessel. 


Artù. King Arthur. From The Tree of Life, mosaic floor, Otranto Cathedral, Puglia, Italy.



Designed by the monk, Pantaleone, built by Duke Roger, of Apulia in 1163, completed 1166-67. Chrétien died in 1180. Between 1160 and 1170 he was at the court of Marie de Champagne. The floor is contemporary with Chrétien. The story of King Arthur was most likely brought to Otranto by the Normans who had occupied what is now Puglia and Sicily since the early eleventh century.



 The very first example of Arthurian imagery may be these mosaic pavements (Otranto Cathedral, Puglia , c.1165

Contemporary with Chretien de Troyes


Otranto. Detail of the mosaic in the cathedral. Photo by Giuseppe and Pierluigi Bolognini, from ''Il mosaico di Otranto, Biblioteca medioevale in immagini'' by Grazio Gianfreda, Edizioni Grifo


Otranto Cathedral


Myth of Melusine


Melusine (or Melusina) is a figure of European legends and folklore, a feminine spirit of fresh waters in sacred springs and rivers. She is usually depicted as a woman who is a serpent or fish from the waist down (much like a mermaid)

The most famous literary version of Melusine tales, that of Jean d'Arras, compiled about 1382 - 1394 was worked into a collection of "spinning yarns" as told by ladies at their spinning.



From Sybaris to Burgundy - Part Six


French and Italian translations follow the English text.
Translation. French, Dr. Thierry Boucquey: Italian, Dottoressa Paola Biscosi


Part VI
My research on Chrétien eventually led me to read The Historical King Arthur by Geoffrey Ashe, a Cambridge don, and the most famous Arthurian expert.  His theory: in Late Antiquity, circa 460 A.D., Arthur Riothamus (kingliest or great king) King of the Britons, was called into service by the Romans to rid Gaul of the Visigoths. Although an historical Arthur was described in The History of Britain by Geoffrey of Monmouth a few generations before Chrétien de Troyes, it was Chrétien who first wrote about Arthur as a character in his Four Romances.  Chrétien was also the first to write of Lancelot and Guinevere and Camelot.  In his  last, unfinished romance, Le Conte du Graal, he told the story of  Blanchefleur and Perceval--and a grail.   


De Sybaris en Italie jusqu'en Bourgogne - Part VI

Mes recherches sur Chrétien m’ont finalement menée à the historical l King Arthur.  Arthur Riothamus (460 av. JC), roi des Bretons, a été recruté par les Romains pour débarrasser la Gaule des Wisigoths. Bien que Geoffrey de Monmouth ait décrit un Arthur historique dans son  Historia Regum Brittaniae quelques générations avant Chrétien de Troyes, c’est ce dernier qui a écrit en premier sur Arthur comme personnage dans ses quatre romans. Chrétien a également été le premier à écrire au sujet de Lancelot, de Guenièvre et de la Table Ronde. Dans son dernier roman, Le Conte du Graal, qu’il n’a pas achevé, il a raconté l'histoire de Blanchefleur et de Perceval ainsi que du Graal.


Dall’italica Sibari alla Borgogna in Francia - Part VI

In ultima analisi, la mia ricerca su Chrétien mi condusse  The Historical Of Britain di Geoffrey de  Monmouth.   Secondo la sua teoria, Arthur Riothamus (460 a.C),  re britannico, sarebbe stato inviato dai romani per liberare la Gallia dai Visigoti. Benché l’esistenza storica di un Artù ci 

Kylix Found with the Krater


With all the jewels, gold and silver and bronze utensils found with the Lady of Vix, why a ceramic cup was included is puzzling. Ceramics, according to the experts, did not have much value. That it was painted with Amazons fighting Greek foot soldiers makes it even more interesting because this was a subject popular in the area around the Black Sea. How and why the kylix found its way to Vix is part of the story-telling in Realms of Gold. 





The Vix Krater Strainer

Fitted neatly into the top. The goddess sat in the middle.  

Adding resin to wine is a process that dates back to antiquity when either pitch, pine resin or a combination of plaster and resin was used to make impermeable clay vases (amphorae) in which wine was transported. Ancient Greeks observed that pine resin not only helped seal the amphorae from moisture, but also helped to preserve the wine within. Pine resin may have also been used to squelch the scent of goatskin, in which wine was locally transported.




source:historyguru.com

From Sybaris to Burgundy - Part Five


French and Italian translations follow the English text.
Translation. French, Dr. Thierry Boucquey: Italian, Dottoressa Paola Biscosi



Part V

My research on Chrétien eventually led me to the historical Arthur Riothamus (460 B.C). Arthur,  king of the Britons, was called into service by the Romans to rid Gaul of the Visigoths. Although an historical Arthur was described in The History of Britain by Geoffrey of Monmouth a few generations before Chrétien de Troyes, it was Chrétien who first wrote about Arthur as a character in his Four Romances.  Chrétien was also the first to write of Lancelot and Perceval and Camelot.  In his  last, unfinished romance, Le Conte du Graal, he told the story of  Blanchefleur and Perceval-- and the Grail. 

In 2010, I read (in Le Figaro) about an extraordinary, fairly recent (2007) discovery on the mesa of Mont Lassois where archaeologist Bruno Chaume and his Franco-German team located and identified the remains of Latisco, a Celtic encampment.  I was jubilant, knowing at once that this amazing discovery would be the clincher, the finale of my novel.  Since I was already convinced that the Krater existed  in the memories and myths of country folk, bards, and poets like Chrétien,  I was astonished to learn that what had been found was the remains of a vast palace in the shape of a Greek megaron with an apse and a stoa, or porch, across its portal which faced east over the plains. The "palais de la dame de Vix" was about the same size as the temple of Athena in Paestum, once Poseidonia,  a Sybarite city.  In this great "Palace," excavators found evidence of feasting, hundreds of thousands of  shards, bones, grains, legumes, seeds of all kinds.  Archaeologists believe the  Krater stood in the center of the great hall of the "Palace."  Besides this extraordinary edifice, there were two large buildings surrounded by grids of well planned streets,  dwellings, cisterns for water and bins for grain.  This site is unprecedented in the Celtic world. There is nothing like it anywhere. That the hilltop settlement was sophisticated, elitist, and aristocratic (so described in Chaume's monograph) was due to the exchange of ideas and the cultural influence of the Greeks and Etruscans.  Archaeologists conclude that Latisco  might very well have been the first town in France.   Bruno Chaume, along with Claude Mordant, have recently published an extensive, scientific study in  two volumes, Le Complexe Aristocratique de Vix, Edition  Universitaires.  Dijon,2011.  Every aspect of this site has been examined and without a doubt,  this extraordinary site reveals an elitist Celtic encampment circa 500 B.C. 


De Sybaris en Italie jusqu'en Bourgogne - Part V

Mes recherches sur Chrétien m’ont finalement menée à le Roi Arthur historique.  Arthur Riothamus (460 av. JC), roi des Bretons, a été recruté par les Romains pour débarrasser la Gaule des Wisigoths. Bien que Geoffrey de Monmouth ait décrit un Arthur historique dans son  Historia Regum Brittaniae quelques générations avant Chrétien de Troyes, c’est ce dernier qui a écrit en premier sur Arthur comme personnage dans ses quatre romans. Chrétien a également été le premier à écrire au sujet de Lancelot, de Guenièvre.   Dans son dernier roman, Le Conte du Graal, qu’il n’a pas achevé, il a raconté l'histoire de Blanchefleur et de Perceval ainsi que du Graal.

En 2010 j’ai lu (dans Le Figaro) le récit d'une extraordinaire découverte assez récente (2007) sur le plateau du Mont Lassois où l'archéologue Bruno Chaume et son équipe franco-allemande avaient localisé et identifié les vestiges du castrum celtique de Latisco. Je jubilais, instantanément sûre que cette découverte stupéfiante deviendrait à la fois l’argument décisif et la fin de mon roman. Vu que j'étais déjà convaincue que le Cratère existait dans la mémoire et les mythes des campagnards, des bardes et des poètes comme Chrétien, j’ai été étonnée d'apprendre que ce qui avait été découvert étaient les restes d'un vaste palais en forme de mégaron grec avec une abside et un stoa ou portique devant son portail qui faisait face à l'est surplombant la plaine. Le «palais de la dame de Vix» était environ de la même taille que le temple d'Athéna à Paestum, le Poseidonia de jadis, une ville sybarite. Dans ce grand «palais» les archéologues ont trouvé des traces de festins: des centaines de milliers de tessons, d’os, de céréales, de légumes et de graines de toutes sortes. Les archéologues pensent que le Cratère se trouvait au centre de la grande salle du «Palais». Outre cet édifice extraordinaire, il y avait deux grands bâtiments entourés de damiers de rues bien planifiées, d’habitations, de citernes à eau et de récipients à céréales. Ce site est sans précédent dans le domaine celtique, il n'y a rien de tel dans le monde. En raison des échanges d’idées et de l'influence culturelle des Grecs et des Étrusques, le village au sommet de la colline était complexe, élitiste et aristocratique (comme le décrit Chaume dans sa monographie). Les archéologues en concluent que Latisco aurait très bien pu être la première cité en France.  Bruno Chaume a récemment (en 2011) publié, avec Claude Mordant, une vaste étude scientifique en deux volumes, Le complexe aristocratique de Vix, aux Editions Universitaires de Dijon. Chaque aspect de ce site a été examiné et il ne fait aucun doute que ce site extraordinaire révèle un campement celtique élitiste de ca 500 avant JC.